A Research Study On Entrepreneurship - 2610 Words

Entrepreneurship is often a difficult undertaking since a majority of new businesses fail, but in many ways, it s never been easier to become an entrepreneur. According to research by Shikhar Ghosh, a Harvard business school lecturer, three out of four venture-backed start ups fail (Bruder). Ghosh also found that more than 95% of start ups fall short of their initial projections (Bruder). Being an entrepreneur is not as easy as some people think. The hours are long and sometimes they have to make hard decisions, but the ability to stand behind your decisions is essential (Drexler). People like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, and Larry Page form our conception of entrepreneurship. The inventions and products created by these people†¦show more content†¦Baron mentions many times these phases are meant to be broad and don’t necessarily include all actions performed by entrepreneurs or variables that may influence their performance or their organization s outcome. Prelaunch is the period that comprises all the activities performed before the actual launch of a new organization. During this period, entrepreneurs are not quite entrepreneurs yet. This phase consists of the evolution of the vision for one’s company, the full development of intentions to proceed with the creation of the company, recognition of opportunities and the evaluation of the opportunities. All these factors lead to the next phase -- the launch -- of creating one’s new venture. After those factors have been dealt with, they are followed by efforts to assemble these necessary resources: human, financial, informational, and other. One needs some way to fund the development of their new company, find people to work for them, and what exactly they are going to be producing and/or providing. Launch is the phase that involves all the activities related to the actual, serious launch of a new company and the initial period of its public operation. The launch period includes creating marketing plans and an overall strategy for utilizing the opportunities recognized in the prelaunch period, choosing a legal form for the new company (e.g. S CORP or LLC),Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Entrepreneurship And The Economic Development Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesBUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS Introduction This research seeks to establish the relationship between entrepreneurship and the economic development in Saudi Arabia. Entrepreneurship is the process of managing, organizing and developing a business venture in a competitive environment that is dynamic (Kuratko 2016 pp3). An entrepreneur is an inventor, leader, innovator, and pioneer and most significantly, a performer. The heart of a national advantage is often pegged on entrepreneurship. The operationRead MoreRelationship Between Entrepreneurship And The Economic Development Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Brief Introduction This research seeks to establish the relationship between entrepreneurship and the economic development in Saudi Arabia. Entrepreneurship is the process of managing, organizing and developing a business venture in a competitive environment that is dynamic (Kuratko 2016 pp3). An entrepreneur is an inventor, leader, innovator, and pioneer and most significantly, a performer. The heart of a national advantage is often pegged on entrepreneurship. The operation of an enterpriseRead MoreA Study On Female Entrepreneurs1487 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The main aim of this study is to explore how female entrepreneurs have managed to open new ventures and also coping with the entrepreneurial system in the UK. Initially, women want to be part of the entrepreneurship activities and studies shows that the rate of women entrepreneurs is increasing (Brush et al, 2006). Gender discrimination is no longer a taboo in this twentieth century (Butler, 2003). 1.1 Research background In today’s business world, entrepreneurship is fundamental for the wholeRead MoreEntrepreneurial Ecosystem in Academic Organization827 Words   |  3 Pagessection explains the background of study. The second section contains the statement of the problem of this study whereas the third section stated the research objectives. The scope of this study is explained in the fourth section while the limitation of the study is explained in the fifth section. Then, the significant of the study are shown in the sixth section and the conclusion is elaborated in the last section. 1.2 Background Of Study Entrepreneurship is a crucial element for each countryRead MoreThe Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research638 Words   |  3 PagesPROMISE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A FIELD OF RESEARCH 1.0 Introduction To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. A research has been conducted in the difference social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for entrepreneurship. 2.0 Definition of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is defined solely by the researchers in terms of who the entrepreneur is and what he or she does. The study of entrepreneurship must involveRead MoreOrigin Of Successful Enterprises Can Be Observed Among China Born Immigrants Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses in the study that could be observed among China-born immigrants in the GTA were skilled, specialized or useful and functional personal or home related services and businesses. For instances, the practical and skillful of HAC home services, real estate brokerage, fast printing of Chinese business cards and fast food advertisings, accounting consulting, dating services, immigration consulting, Chinese supermarket, and hair salon. These businesses or services in the study were realistic,Read MoreA Research Study On Business Education1565 Words   |  7 Pages Running head: LEVERAGING RESEARCH TOENHANCE UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS EDUCATION 1 Leveraging research to enhance undergraduate business education Luke Maass Northwest Missouri State University Authors note This paper was prepared for Student involvement in research activities in U.S. business schools used to be primarily offered to graduate students. However, many universities are now offering undergraduate research opportunities that can provide students with a deepRead MoreThe Effects of Dam Construction on the Environment, A Literature Review930 Words   |  4 Pagesadverse environmental, social and economic impacts to the affected areas and communities, the implementation of such project may give birth to new socio-economic opportunities with high entrepreneurial values. It is almost a truism in entrepreneurship research that the entrepreneurial process begins at a basic level with the discovery of opportunities (Shane Venkataraman, 2000). Opportunities are new means-ends frameworks, whereby a variety of new goods, services, raw materials, markets, andRead MoreWhat Does The Study of Regional Economy Teach Us?1436 Words   |  6 PagesWhat does the study of regional science help us understand? What are the three â€Å"building blocks† that underlie the complex patterns of location of economic activity? Should jobs move to people or should people move to jobs? Regional science is a sub field of social sciences that analyzes approaches to urban, rural, or regional problems. It involves the study of spatial patters to analyze the economic factors of a region. The study of regional science is necessary to improve the economy in todaysRead MoreThe Meaning of Technology Entrepreneurship1024 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology Entrepreneurship; Technological Entrepreneurship is the art or process of innovating and imminence assets and products for major return of profit in business. New and unique combinations of innovation are the result of Technological Entrepreneurship. The medium that alleviates wealth in firms, individuals, nations and regions, the research of technology entrepreneurship plays a significant role beyond the satisfaction of intellectual interest. Certainly, Technological Entrepreneurship effect

A Cultural Determination of Meaning Essay - 892 Words

HUM-101-010 Written Assignment 4 A Cultural Determination of Meaning Throughout historic culture, we can identify several changes in philosophical thought. Through the emergence of romanticism, we see a realization that, through passion, the paths of the hero and saint can be merged. In the agony and ecstasy of Michelangelo, it is obvious how the paths of hero and saint can be merged in the form of art, to attempt to reconcile the tension between them. In the enlightenment patterns of cultural mutation, we begin to realize that the way we converge the two paths depends on the historical context in which we view them. And finally, as a response to his cultural climate, Kierkegaard’s portrayal of Abraham shows how the hero-saint†¦show more content†¦This stems directly from the Greek ideal of the tragic hero and builds on romanticism, and Michelangelo portrays this in his Roman Pieta. Through the idea of the parent’s loss of the child, he is able to display heroism in the mother, through the dep iction of the biblical figures of Mary and Jesus. Michelangelo is reacting to a certain cultural context by combining contemplation with faith – the Florentine Renaissance and the timeless dynamic of human existence that he observed while in Rome. This leads us to the fact that these thought patterns are influenced by the culture in which they are observed through the changes in philosophical thought in the enlightenment. During the enlightenment patterns of cultural mutations, there is a growing emphasis on morality to determine one’s faith. Luther describes the individual as being responsible for his/her identity as a child of God. Science re-inserts the impersonal worldview of the hero into a Christian culture. The rise of capitalism brings the idea that human identity is based on a cultural environment which is organized in economic terms – with an emphasis on competitive advantage. All of these mutations point to the fact that the tensions between the two p aths are unable to be merged into one path; they swing in one direction or the other, based on the cultural climate. This brings us to a need to define one pathShow MoreRelatedThe Elusive Promise Of Indigenous Development : Rights, Culture, Strategy1053 Words   |  5 Pagesonce enabled indigenous advocacy to gain a first port of entry into law now stalls indigenous development, the ultimate goal of indigenous advocacy. â€Å"Deploy[ing] a self-conscious strategy of multidisciplinarity that refuses to distinguish between cultural critique and advocacy,† Engle considers so-called primary and secondary sources with equal weight, and as part of an argumentative continuum. She challenges the boundaries between anthropology and law, arguing that anthropology need not timidly bowRead MoreGuidelines For Ethical Research On Australian Indigenous Studies909 Words   |  4 PagesAustralian Indigenous Studies are based on principles of self-determination, Indigenous ownership and control over research. Discuss the potential for misunderstanding of procedures by those participating in research processes (e.g. non-Indigenous researcher and Indigenous Participants). Would there be similar cultural misunderstandings between an Indigenous researcher and non-Indigenous participant? Australian Indigenous rights to self-determination are grouped under broad categories, and are recognisedRead MoreThe Contemporary Concern Of Indigenous People At The International Platform Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe contemporary concern for indigenous people at the international platform gained its popularity from the long-standing Sui generis deviation of self-determination standard, that supplements the Sui generis deviation which the twentieth century classic colonialism represents (Anaya 1996). Indeed, the concept of indigenous people is usually understood to mean a culturally cohesive group who suffers inequality with the state wherein they leave because of historical empire or conquest (UN DOC 1986;Read MoreRelationship Between Psychological Empowerment And Job Satisfaction1510 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween psychological empowerment and job satisfaction among Saudi women working in private enterprises. Specifically, this research attempts to examine the relationship b etween the psychological dimensions of empowerment (i.e., meaning, competence, impact, and self-determination) and overall level of job satisfaction among the participants. The following section includes some of the literature studies relevant to the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction. Several studiesRead MoreCultural Appropriation : Disrespects Of A Minority Culture776 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Appropriation Cultural appropriation is shown in many ways among the public. When a member of the majority takes an element of a minority culture and attempts to make it their own, they are appropriating the minority’s culture. Appropriating a culture is disrespectful and can lead to loss of valuable meaning of cultural practices. This is shown in many ways, such as the use of blackface or wearing a significant piece of Native American history as a fashion accessory. Each of these elementsRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And New Zealand Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesNurses help to improve the health disparities between Pakeha and Maori in New Zealand (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011, pp. 14-17) The passing of sovereignty to the Crown and the colonisation of the Europeans in 1840 results in the loss of cultural beliefs, Maori language and practices (Kingi, 2007, p. 5). â€Å"Culture misunderstandings and bias† contributed to the to the status of Maori health and health disparities which still exist today (Mauri Ora Associates, 2006, p. 8). Health inequalitiesRead MoreSelf Determination And Personality : Edward Deci And Richard Ryan Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Determination and Personality Edward Deci and Richard Ryan first developed the concept of self-determination. They thought that to truly understand human functioning and well-being, researchers must assess the agentic nature of human behavior. The main focus of the theory concerns human motivation and personality. People are often motivated by an external factor such as rewards or praise but they are also intrinsically motivated. The intrinsic motivators are not usually externally rewarded butRead MoreDefinition Of Moral Realism Of The Floral Industry And Owning An Interior Commercial And Residential Business968 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is moral will evoke different responses within a group, culture, subculture or nation. In my profession in the floral industry and owning an interior commercial and residential business for almost 30 years, I learned much about color and the meanings of color between different cultures. An example of a simplistic question is how color is perceived by people. In the United States, and some other nations, to question the description of â€Å"green† or to ask for examples, will usually receive is aRead More Reflection on Ethnicity Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesethnic groups have interacted and negotiated public realms similar to the method each separate population underwent to develop into its present framework. We continue to co-mingle cultures, borrowing tastes that suit our own self-definition and determination. The definition of what is â€Å"right† and what is valued varies from culture to culture, and from individual to individual. How we value differences affects our ability to embrace or reject entire cultures. When the knowledge that humans belong toRead MoreJustification of the Right to National Self-Determination1585 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction—Can the right to national self-determination be justified? 1.1. What is the right to national self-determination? The right to self-determination is the right of a group to determine political action concerning the group and its members. In this case, the right to national self-determination is the right of nations to have the institutions to make the political decisions that are of primary concern to the nation and its members (Shorten 2012: 44; Miller 1997: 81; Margalit and Raz

Critical thinking and Managerial Decisions Making

Question: Write a reflective essay on critical thinking and managerial decision making. Answer: Introduction Critical Thinking is a process of thinking out of the usual everyday thinking (automatic thinking), a Headscratcher. This Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making course are an amazing and proven tool to enhance the thinking and decision-making skills, change the personality and future career of any student as well as an employee or businessperson. Critical thinking can also be defined in many other terms such as innovative, outside the box, not taking things for granted, purposeful, non-emotional, examining, exhaustive, physical geography, methodical, probing, scientific and procedural thinking (Wolf, Stanton Gellott, 2010). We commonly practice many of these words in our daily life; but did we ever guess the accurate significance of these words regarding applying them with thinking? Critical thinking and managerial decision-making is a manual, non-automatic thinking; thinking which uses a tool or a set of process and purpose. Thinking smarter is nothing but using our brain more sharply and intelligently. It is not tough, but critical thinking takes discipline and practice (Toner Moran, 2016). Implementation of Critical Thinking in my Future prospects Critical thinking is an essential element of almost all the academic disciplines and professional fields. The course of critical thinking engages the careful interpretation and acquisition of information and its use to arrive at agood reasonableconclusion. Since birth, I have been taught to complete the task within the given period or at the earliest and not to think about it for its best outcome or my better performance (Schwarz, 2005). I have learned a lot from this course, which could be applied in my future career or in regular life. This course taught me that we do not think anything different to conclude, take action and decide; however, we do the tasks without enough thinking just for the requirement of its completion on time. Critical thinking will assist me to be confident and visionary in my actions as well as will create a positive, creative thinker in me (Schraagen Ven, 2008). I am usually confused with the conclusion and decision that means I do not conclude and leads t o the decision early and appropriately. For example, whether I should buy a red shirt or a blue shirt is what I decide in automatic thinking, however, I have concluded to buy a blue shirt, whether I want to buy it or not is a decision in critical thinking. I also learned that automatic thinking always has a puny foundation for resolution, less time being understandable and more time to decide. Whereas, critical thinking has powerful foundations for decision, bit more time on being clear and little time to decide (Kallet, 2014). Critical thinking has a set of tool or a framework for its best consequence, which says to get clarity on the issue, conclude for the solution and decide (take action) on the conclusion for the best resolution. There are plentiful critical thinking techniques and tools to direct our thinking in each framework mechanism of clarity, conclusion and decision. As we practice and apply these tools, the decision-making and problem-solving ability will improve automatically. The tools will honestly yield superior quality decision-making, problem-solving and inventive results (Koch, 2011). This course motivated me to understand more about myself; improve my skills and way of my thinking. I learned from the course that I should start thinking critically from small tasks like I used to write big emails for better understanding, but I learned that short emails with clarity are more appreciated and are responsive with positive outcomes. Critical thinking is measured important and necessary in the academic fields as it enables the students to explore, evaluate, clarify, and streamline their thinking, thus decreasing the threat of acting on, adopting or thinking by way of false beliefs and attitude. However, yet with an understanding of the processes of logical reasoning and inquiry, mistake happens due to a student /thinkers incapability to apply the techniques or due to character personality such asegocentrism (Borger, 2014). It will help me to invent and implement creative ideas in my career in the Advertising or an Event Company. DISC personality test helped me a lot to understand and identify my personality, strengths and weaknesses regarding Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Conscientiousness (DISC). This course of Critical thinking will help me a lot in overcoming my flaws and limitations and will extend my capabilities and efficiency to freedom of deep purposeful thinking. It will help me in my employment to take effective managerial decisions and motivate, promote and assess my colleagues for the better outcome of their roles and responsibilities. Critical thinking will also let me assess the behavior and nature of my team by the observation of their efficiency that can be improved with the training sessions of the course and sharing this knowledge with them. It will help me in organizing my thoughts as well as incorporating others thoughts also in the meetings and business reviews that further will help the organization with better effectual thoughts, conclusions and decisions. Pursuing this course led me to understand different thinking methods and the development of a new knowledge, which may lead to being more effective and meaningful life. It helps with the clarity of day-to-day situations and problems; it will gain me different knowledge of fast, accurate, richer and opportunist decisions. The new knowledge of critical thinking says if I can, sit and discuss (think critically) with somebody else, questioning each other and listening to the answers that reproduce new queries and ideas. Then, I can also think critically by myself alone, so long as I am restricted enough to respond to the hard questions. As discussed above, critical thinking is based on three steps execution clarity, conclusion and decision; this three-step process is also surrounded by another three concepts that are informative, discovery and ideas, which includes conducting research, exploring ideas, listen to responses and asking questions. For every multifaceted problem, there is always a simple solution My highly sensitive critical thinking expertise will go a long way in making an impression on a potential manager. Today, all of us are required to think critically, innovate, solve problems, communicate and collaborate more effectively. We must do extremely well on the concept of four Cs: Creativity, critical thinking, collaboration and communication. Critical thinking is not un-complimentary, faultfinding, disparaging, derogatory or judgmental. However, often in the professional world, it commonly observed in a plan meant to explain that someone has found the flaw in something (Dwyer, Hogan Stewart, 2014). Critical thinking developed a new knowledge, challenges and the courage to face those challenges with a positive attitude and strength in me. I am feeling a very different person, who I used to be, before joining this course. This course really enhanced my assurance to out-perform in my future career along with th e organization as a whole implementing the tool set and framework of my new knowledge and thinking skills. Conclusion Critical thinking is self-discipline, self-guided thinking that attempts to rationale at the uppermost level of excellence in an open-minded way.People, who imagine critically, always attempt to breathe reasonably, rationally and empathically.They are intensely conscious of the inherently imperfect nature of individual thinking (Lee Paradowski, 2007). I have discovered a new me from this critical thinking and managerial decision-making course. I have also learned that critical thinking is also not everyones cup of tea; few people who do not have the desire to grow potentially and socially will not attempt to gain the actual understanding and meanings of it (Glassner Schwarz, 2007). I believe that implementing all the core concepts, tools and ways of critical thinking in my professional career will lead me to a much better place where I could reach without it, in terms of knowledge, communication with colleagues, identification of issues, conclusions and the best of all is timely, a ppropriate and calculative decision-making. References Borger, A. (2014). A Different Way to Think.Journal Of The Dermatology Nurses Association,6(5), 237-238. Dwyer, C., Hogan, M., Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century.Thinking Skills And Creativity,12, 43-52. Glassner, A. Schwarz, B. (2007). What stands and develops between creative and critical thinking? Argumentation?.Thinking Skills And Creativity,2(1), 10-18. Kallet, M. (2014).Think smarter. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Koch, C. (2011). Think Different.Scientific American Mind,21(6), 16-17. Lee, M. Paradowski, M. (2007). Group Decision-Making on an Optimal Stopping Problem.The Journal Of Problem Solving,1(2). Schraagen, J. van de Ven, J. (2008). Improving Decision Making in Crisis Response Through Critical Thinking Support.J Cogn Engng Dec Making,2(4), 311-327. Schwarz, N. (2005). When Thinking Feels Difficult: Meta-Cognitive Experiences in Judgment and Decision Making.Professional Decision Making,25(1), 105-112. Toner, J. Moran, A. (2016). On the importance of critical thinking: A response to Wulf's (2015) commentary.Psychology Of Sport And Exercise,22, 339-340. Wolf, J., Stanton, M., Gellott, L. (2010). Critical Thinking in Physical Geography: Linking Concepts of Content and Applicability.Journal Of Geography,109(2), 43-53.

Understand Personality Structure Clinical -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understand Personality Structure Clinical? Answer: Introducation Personality is defined as the combination of traits or characteristics that create a persons distinct character; it is the visible aspect of an individuals character which impresses others. In other words, personality is referred as a set of emotional qualities or method of behaving in certain situations that differentiate a person from others (Kim, Hon Lee, 2010). This essay will focus on different theoretical arguments provided by experts on peoples personalities. Many experts have given several personalities theories within psychology in order to explain different ideas about how a persons personality develops and what factors contribute to personalitys development. In recent years, management focus on analysing and learning about their employees personalities since it assists in establishing a positive working environment. Managers implement organisational behaviour theories in the corporation which assist them in motivating employees by evaluating their personalities that assis t in increasing their productive performance. This essay will compare and contrast various theoretical arguments given by an expert on peoples personalities in an organisation. Further, the essay will evaluate how managers can use this information to establish a positive working environment in the enterprise and increase employees productive performance. There are several personality types in an organisation which influence the behaviour of employees; managers focus on influencing workers behaviour by assessing their personality traits and use them to their advantage. One of the most popular theories of personality is provided by Sigmund Freud called Psychodynamic theory. This theory provides that personality is the basic structure of id, ego, and superego. As per Freud, these factors unconsciously impact personality traits, and they are developed at the early childhood stage (McWilliams, 2011). The id or Instinctive drives part of the brain is completely unconscious, whereas, ego and superego are both conscious and unconscious parts. The id includes factors such as food, sex, aggression and others, and they are influenced by early childhood influences, especially by parents. First five years of children early childhood has a significant influence on their personality, and it is largely affected by their parents behaviour. Similarly, Freud provided that manager is subordinates parent figure, and they can be good or bad depending on how manager perceived the situation. The employees who idealise their manager are more likely to be sensitive to criticism, therefore, they should be treated differently during a performance review that other subordinates who did not have any issue with constructive criticism (McLeod, 2017). Unlike Freuds psychodynamic theory, the Biological theory of personality provides that genetics are responsible for personality traits of people. The biological theory of personality contradicts Freuds theory which provides that nurturing influence a persons personality such as parenting or early childhood experiences, whereas, the biological theory provides that natural factors such as genetics influence a person personality traits. The study conducted on heritability suggested that there is a link between personality traits and genetics (Cuncic, 2017). Hans Eysenck provided that personality has a direct link with biological processes. For example, employees with introvert personality had high cortical arousal which assists in leading them to avoid stimulation. However, extrovert employees, on the other hand, had low cortical arousal that causes them to seek out stimulating experiences (Lewin, 2013). Although, many experts have provided that biological theory did not have any influe nce on Big five personality traits which include operations, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. But, recent studies have suggested that biological factors might influence this model as well (Selfhout, Burk, Branje, Denissen, Van Aken Meeus, 2010). Therefore, this theory provides that managers have to assess their employees personality and assign them jobs accordingly because their personality traits are natural and it is difficult to influence them by external factors. The Freuds psychodynamic theory is a part of behavioural theories of personality, whereas, the biological theory is opposite of behavioural theories. Similarly, there are various traits theories provided by experts which are based on personality qualities analysis. These theories are used by managers to study employees personality in a corporation which assists in implementing appropriate organisational behaviour theories. Traits are defined as habitual part of a persons emotions, thoughts, and behaviour (Ryckman, 2012). These theories provide that personality factors remain stable over time,f and they are different for each individual, for example, some employees are extroverts who are good at handling supervision tasks whereas introvert employees prefer desk jobs. Each person has a unique set of skills which differentiate it from others, and managers measure these personality characteristics to implement appropriate organisational behaviour theories. Hans Eysenck is one of the most famous British psychologists; he provided that there are two key dimensions of a personality, which includes extroversion and introversion that account for all the other personalities. Extroversion personality people are loud and outgoing whereas introversion personality people are quiet and reserved (Eysenck, 2012). This theory is similar to the biological theory of personality since it provided that people primarily divided into two categories: extroverts and introverts. Just as the biological theory of personality, this theory provides that extrovert employees have low arousal level whereas introvert workers have high arousal level. Gordon Allport was among the first ever psychologist who provided personality based trait. His theory is different from Eysenck theory who divided personality into two key dimensions, whereas, Allport theory provide that there are more than four thousand words in English dictionary which define personality traits. He divided traits into three key parts: cardinal, central and secondary (Chen, Yang, Chen, Tseng Lee, 2013). Cardinal traits are developed later in life, and they influence a persons decision key life decision such as kindness, greed, narcissism or lust. Central traits are major characteristics of a persons that leads to creating their personality such as anxious, intelligent, or shy. Secondary traits are the general behaviour of a person that only appears in specific situations such as getting nervous while p ublically speaking (Ickes Knowles, 2012). The traits theories assist managers in implementing appropriate organisational behaviour theory, for example, the manager can implement Personality-Job Fit theory during the recruitment process which assists them in analysing a job candidates traits and assign him post accordingly. Social Learning Theory of personality given by Alan Bandura is another popular theory of personality which is used by managers in order to influence their employees personalities to increase their performance. Bandura agrees with the classical conditioning and operant conditioning behaviourist theories, but he further provided new principles which include mediating process and observational learning. The theory provides that employees imitate the behaviour qualities of people around them, and they respond to punishment and reinforcement (McLeod, 2016). Unlike Freuds psychodynamic theory and Biological theory of personality, Social learning theory provides that the actions of managers can change the personality of an employee. Managers can implement policies of reinforcement, punishment or motivation which assist in changing employees personalities and increase their productive performance (McCleskey, 2014). Freuds psychodynamic theory and Biological theory of personality provide that managers cannot change personality, instead, workers should be assign jobs based on their personality and policies should be made accordingly to achieve maximum productivity. Whereas, Social learning theory provides that personality of an employee is influenced by several external factors and managers can implement policies to influence their productive performance positively. In recent years, the role of personality theories has grown substantially in corporations because each company focuses on gaining a competitive advantage over its customers. Employees are considered as crucial assets for modern corporations and managers focus on increasing their productive performance by providing them appropriate incentives (Li, Liang Crant, 2010). Managers use personality theories to understand their employees attitude and use such information to implement various organisational behaviour theories. For example, Freuds Psychodynamic theory can assist managers in implementing the appropriate motivational theory in the organisation because it assists them in analysing which employee will prefer monetary or non-monetary rewards (Korsgaard, Meglino, Lester Jeong, 2010). The Social Learning theory provides them managers should implement a positive and challenging organisational environment which will influence employees to increase their productive performance. In conclusion, modern corporations use personality theories which assist managers in implementing effective organisational behaviour theories which provide them a competitive advantage. Various experts have given different personality theories based on different key aspects such as biological, behavioural, or traits. Managers use various personality theories while performing business activities such as Freuds Psychodynamic theory, Eysenck Personality Traits theory, Social Learning theory, Allport Personality Traits theory, the Biological theory of personality, and many others. These theories provide necessary employees behaviour information to managers that assist them in implementing different organisational behaviour theories for different business functions such as motivating employees, establishing a positive working environment or many others. Modern corporations should effectively implement organisational theories based on employees personalities since it provides them a compet itive advantage and sustains their future growth. References Chen, C. W., Yang, H. C., Chen, C. H., Tseng, C. P., Lee, K. L. (2013). Retracted: The Relationship between Personality Traits and Sales Force Automation Usage: A Review of Methodology.Human Factors and economics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(4), 294-305. Cuncic, A. (2017). What Are the Genetic Causes of Social Anxiety Disorder?. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/what-are-the-genetic-causes-of-social-anxiety-disorder-3024457 Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.). (2012).A model for personality. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Ickes, W., Knowles, E. S. (Eds.). (2012).Personality, roles, and social behavior. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Kim, T. Y., Hon, A. H., Lee, D. R. (2010). Proactive personality and employee creativity: The effects of job creativity requirement and supervisor support for creativity.Creativity Research Journal,22(1), 37-45. Korsgaard, M. A., Meglino, B. M., Lester, S. W., Jeong, S. S. (2010). Paying you back or paying me forward: understanding rewarded and unrewarded organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(2), 277. Lewin, K. (2013).A dynamic theory of personality-selected papers. Worcestershire: Read Books Ltd. Li, N., Liang, J., Crant, J. M. (2010). The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: a relational perspective.Journal of applied psychology,95(2), 395. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. McLeod, S. (2016). Bandura - Social Learning Theory. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html McLeod, S. (2017). Theory of Personality. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html McWilliams, N. (2011). psychology diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. New York City: Guilford Press. Ryckman, R. M. (2012).Theories of personality. Boston: Cengage Learning. Selfhout, M., Burk, W., Branje, S., Denissen, J., Van Aken, M., Meeus, W. (2010). Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach.Journal of personality,78(2), 509-538.

Medical Office Procedures Essay Example

Medical Office Procedures Paper Outsource Management Group provides numerous services to physicians and other medical professionals including: Medical Billing, Medical Coding, Electronic Claims Submission, Medical Billing Consulting, Medical Coding Audits, Staff Provider Training, Physician Credentialing, HIPAA Consulting, Complete Follow-up Functions, Patient Invoicing and Medical Coding Consulting. With extensive editing and audits being performed on electronic claims prior to their transmission to carriers, the percentage of suspension/rejections is low. OMG realizes the importance of working the aging report. Insurance companies are contacted as early as two weeks after submission to ensure quick reimbursement to the physicians. Do you realize that approximately one fourth of all medical practice income is lost due to Under Pricing, Under Coding, Missed Charges or Un-reimbursed Claims? We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Office Procedures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Office Procedures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Office Procedures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thats right; hundreds of millions of dollars is lost annually due to medical billing errors. Is your practice among those offices that are only receiving 70% of the available medical billing revenue due to them? Outsource Management Group can remove these obstacles and show you how to reverse this trend. OMG can re-gain the revenue and subsequent profits your practice is entitled to utilizing electronic claims and personalized reimbursement strategies.

HRM Practices and Key Points

HRM Practices and Key Points Analysis of Sources It is important for human resources and firms operating in different cultural background to engage in training to enable them have a competitive edge over others because training helps employee to appreciate and respect the cultural values of other people (Coget 2011, p.85). This stands out as the key message in Coget’s article â€Å"Does National Culture Affect Firm Investment in Training and Development?†Advertising We will write a custom article sample on HRM Practices and Key Points specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coget is an associate professor of management in the Orfalae College of business and California polytechnic state university. The methodology used in gathering this information on the study area involved surveys carried out by Hilla Perezet from Ort Braude college, Israel. An approximate of 6000 firms was surveyed in 21 different countries. The study’s findings indicated that cul tural differences influence whether the firm invests in training or not. Firms in countries with low power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, and higher future orientation invest more in training of their employees compared to those operating or embracing higher power distance, low future orientation, and low uncertainty avoidance. Power degrees is the degree to which member of a certain group expect that power should be distributed equally. Written by Shiryan, Shee, and Stewart, the article ‘Employee Training Effectiveness in Saudi Arabian SME Performance’ is a must-read composition that finds out the relationship between employee training and organisation’s performance. The three authors are based in the school of management and information systems faculty of business and law in Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. They affirm that employee training is critical if an organisation aspires to achieve its objectives. They based their study in Saudi Arabia where they collected data through surveys. 500 questionnaires were sent to managers and staffs of various SMEs. An estimate of 264 questionnaires was returned for analysis. The findings showed that most of the firms and SME managers in Saudi Arabia in the firms lack skills on training (Shiryan, Shee, Stewart 2012, p.52). They do not understand the essence of training. Management training is essential in staff training since good leadership and change management can enable an organisation to achieve its set goals.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Chidambaram and Ramachandran point out in the article ‘A study on efficacy of employee training review of literature’, any successful organisation should invest in its human capital (2012, p.275). Above all, human resources are the most important parts of an organisation while assets are just a supplement ary portion of the organisation. Without efficient human capital, organisations cannot achieve their objectives or goals. Training of human capital is important as it helps employees to cope with both the internal and external forces within their operations. Through training, individual and organisational needs are attained thus helping the organisation to meet its objectives. The author summarises the literature review on the aspects of employee training. He suggests that, organisations should not relent in developing their employees in order to achieve their goals. Management therefore has the responsibility of ensuring that adequate programs are in place to allow its staff to acquire more skills and knowledge to be abreast with the ever-changing markets. Grossman and Salas’ ‘The Transfer of Training: What really Matters’ is a well researched piece that looks at the transfer problem in the training of employees. Even though many organisations have invested thei r funds in noble training course, many of the employees trained do not transmit such skills at their work place (Grossman Salas 2011, p.105). This stands out as a problem that many organisations continue to grapple with, which needs quick remedy. The authors employ Bald and Ford’s model of transfer in arguing their case. Factors that relate to skill transfers investigated include self-efficacy, cognitive ability, motivation, perceived utility of training, and training design among others. Therefore, it is recommended that human resource managers in charge of training programs should first evaluate the kind of training that is appropriate before using or recommending it to employees. Firms may lose huge sums of money in these training programs thus ending up not reaping any value from the same. Zeutinoglu et al. are all professors in human resource management areas in DeGroote School of Business, Mc Master University. As they point out, the training of low job workers in Cana da is beyond the recommended standards (Zeutinoglu et al. 2008, p.5). As per the Statistics Canada Workplace and employee survey of 2001, few low-job employees received low wages on the job training compared to those in high jobs.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on HRM Practices and Key Points specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore important that organisation train their employees to enable them earn decent life, perform well on their jobs, and to contribute in productivity at the workplace, as well as in the economy. Government needs to support on job training for these low-job employees in a bid to achieve this goal. In his article ‘Line manager involvement in learning and development: Small beer or big deal’, Gibbs argues that line managers should be involved in learning and development at their work (2003, p.282). This step is aimed at ensuring a positive relationship between human resource managers and the line managers. They should be involved in this program at work to help them trigger positive relationship besides increasing productivity in the organisation. Organisations are changing. Therefore, to be part of the change, such critical changes in these areas should be supported and encouraged. Even though line managers should be included in the learning and development, there are various disadvantages in this issue. One of the disadvantages is that they may not be able to carry out their duties well because they are trained to be better skilled developers as opposed to being specialists in learning and development initiatives at work. HRM Practices Human resource management is aimed at formulating strategies and policies that can best drive the objectives and goals of an organisation forward. The department aims at ensuring that human capital is well taken care to ensure that staff work towards the realisation of the organisational goals and objectives. Various H RM practices are worth adapting in a bid to drive individual and organisational performance to achieve the intended goals and objectives. The three approaches will include, regular coaching, training and developing of staff’s competencies, ensuring greater employee autonomy and discretion, and developing teamwork. Regular coaching and developing of staff on the job is one of the approaches that I believe will help in promoting individuals’ self-confidence besides ensuring that performance of the organisation improves (Grossman, Salas 2011, p. 103). Employees’ training and coaching initiatives will also center on the best ways of managing people through performance management system.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This system is conducive as it aligns individual objectives to those of the organisation. Identifying the potential and the areas of interest of employees is important in staging training and coaching program to trigger positive change in an organisation. Employees are very important components in an organisation. Therefore, to ensure that they remain in the organisation to improve in their skills and knowledge, training should always be carried out. There are different type of training and coaching that an organisation can use. One is on-the-job training where employees are trained directly by interacting or performing certain tasks. This type of training is less expensive. Most organisations prefer this because it is not expensive. Besides, it does not require a lot of time. The other type of training is off-the-job training, which is normally attained through special duration programs in learning and technical institutions. Some organisations sponsor their employees to attain ski lls and knowledge in specific areas. This has turned to be a burden to the organisation. Training is an expensive venture. Because of its importance, organisations have no alternative apart from practicing it. Many organisations that have embraced training are competitive in terms of development of salient skills in management, leadership, and the general operation or functioning of an institution. Another human resource management approach that I intend to encourage is greater discretion and autonomy on the workplace. Employees feel part of the organisation if they are well treated and appreciated for what they do (Shiryan, Shee, Stewart 2012, p. 49). The environment of working should be conducive to allow employees a space to express their views besides share their opinions with other employees to present their problems to the management. Free communication in an organisation helps in nurturing the spirit of teamwork and unity. Furthermore, this will trigger innovation and creati vity as employees will have the opportunity to invent and innovate at their discretion. For the organisation to achieve good performance, it should be able to innovate and come up with ideas that are able to add value to the organisation. Therefore, greater autonomy is the best way that employees will have a sense of belonging to trigger their self-esteem thus enabling them to influence the organisation’s objectives positively. Teamwork is yet another human resource practice that will be encouraged in the organisation. This will help employees to share and learn new knowledge as they work together to achieve the overall organisation’s goals. Teamwork is also preferred because it enables a group to work together to assist one another in achieving similar objectives (Shiryan, Shee, Stewart 2012, p. 46). The teams will be made up of people with different levels of training and experience. The teams will be rotated in a bid to eliminate boredom besides building the spirit of teamwork and unity. Organisations that have strong teams face their challenges without fear. They usually ensure that they find the best solutions to their problems. Teams are also one way of creating or enhancing cohesion. They are made up of people from different cultural backgrounds, which is a benefit in creating or establishing a brand. Conclusion In conclusion, human resource management has the responsibility to ensure that organisations embrace changes besides recruiting employees who are able to stir ahead the goals and objectives of the organisation. One of the important duties of HRM in this current world is to implement training programs that are able to acquaint employees with skills and knowledge to trigger increased production. The training should be tailored to the objectives of the organisation. Other HRM approaches that are equally important in improving individual and organisational performance are ensuring that there is a greater autonomy among employees and t eamwork. References Chidambaram, V, Ramachandran, A 2012, ‘A study on efficacy of employee training review of literature’, Business Theory Practice, vol. 13 no. 3, pp. 275-282. Coget, J 2011, ‘Does National Culture Affect Firm Investment in Training and Development?’, Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 85-87. Gibbs, S 2003, ‘Line manager involvement in learning and development: Small beer or big deal?’, Employee Relations, vol. 25 no. 3, pp. 281-293. Grossman, R, Salas, E 2011, ‘The transfer of training: what really matters’, International Journal of Training Development, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 103-120. Shiryan, S, Shee, H, Stewart, D 2012, ‘Employee Training Effectiveness in Saudi Arabian SME Performance’, International Journal of Business Social Science, vol. 3 no. 14, pp. 46-52. Zeutinoglu, I, Cooke, G, Karlene, H, Chowhan, J 2008, ‘Low-Paid Workers and On-the-Job Training in Canada†™, Relations Industrielles (Quà ©bec, Quà ©bec)/Industrial Relation, vol. 63 no. 1, pp. 5-29.

Textual Analysis of Los Vendidos Research Paper

Textual Analysis of Los Vendidos - Research Paper Example The drama revolves around stereotype and prejudice towards the Mexicans in America. The writer of the play, Valdez has used humor and entertainment most probably to shun affronting any race. Racism is a big issue and no one would like to be stigmatized or treated differently because of their race, color, religion or gender (Vogelmann 1-4). This play has served the purpose of making light with intention of making people understand racism and prejudice without intending to hurt anyone at the end (Mc Parland's 3). This is helped by the fact that it is a comedy play. There are several themes evident in this play and they are prejudice, racism, social injustice, social identity, Marxism and Hispanophobia. The Mexicans-Americans in this play faced challenges as they were discriminated against. The play humbled the audience instead of inciting confidence in those that were not victims in the play. As a representation of the American society at the time, theatre as a weapon is a term that co mes in several parts of the play. This play has been used to enlighten people on the various issues that encompass prejudice towards the Latin Americans. And it was and is not a small issue because it has been recognized over the years as a vice against the Mexican Americans that had taken toll over the years (Carl et al 13-16). Even the Mexican government mentioned it at one time and said that, â€Å" the government of Mexico, opposes any form of discrimination institutionalization or otherwise, as well as the new forms of discrimination, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance that emerged in several parts of the world , particularly in the developed countries†. The fact the play has one of the major themes as racism among the ethnic groups of American society is a clear indication that it is a vice that existed for a long time basing on the fact that it was written a very long time ago. The characters in the play have brought out this main theme. At the end of the play t he revolucionario states that robot Sancho â€Å"is the best model we got†. This indicates that the Mexicans are fed up of being discriminated and stereotyped against. The secretary in her description wants an American who is black and fits in all her other descriptions of being ‘hardworking’, ‘debonair’, ‘sophisticated’ and ‘American-made’. After just a short while of sampling the models she disregards them at says they do not meet her requirements. She refuses each of the models presented to her by finding flaws in each one of them. This points out how people are always so quick to judge and have objections so easily when they are prejudiced against someone. It is a common thing for people to form some sort of attitude when they hear an accent or see a skin color that is different from theirs giving them an impression that they do not belong., Most of the Mexicans who live in America are discriminated and become treated as second class citizens. An example in the play is by the farm worker who comes to America once a year. He is a migrant worker. â€Å"One plate of beans and tortillas will keep him going all day†. Pachuco is a Mexican gangster who is feared a great deal by the Americans. It is normal for any human to fear a harmful person but in Pachuco’s case this fear has been heightened because of his being a Mexican. Revoluncionario is the typical man in western movies that women want to be with, he is always drinking, rides over the plains

Halloween Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Halloween - Movie Review Example After 15 years, Micheal Myer broke out of Sanitarium, more so releasing all other patients and stole the station wagon. He damaged his room and noticeably craved â€Å"sister† behind the door. Micheal broke into a hardware store and stole a Halloween mask with a robe and few knives. He started chasing Laurie, mean while methodically killed all her friends including Annie, Lynda, and Bob to isolate her. It was Wallace residence where Micheal placed all the three bodies strategically knowing well the Laurie will come.When Laurie entered Wallace residence, found bodies of her friends became afraid. After fully confusing her, Micheal attacked Laurie. Her hand sliced off by Micheal slipped down stairs resulted in a broken ankle. Laurie, a courageous girl didn’t give up and escaped to Doyle’s House. Micheal also managed to get in the house; Laurie kept him at bay by stabbing him with a knitting needle. Laurie a masculine girl, during the fight, snatched the knife from Micheal and stabbed him in the stomach. Doctor Samuel Loomis gave entry and fired aimed shot on to Micheal. Having been received five rounds Micheal managed to escape from a window. Laurie was evacuated to hospital, in the state of shock, was tranquilized by a doctor. Only after she woke up, came to know about Micheal reality as his elder brother. Micheal followed her, killed many people at a hospital in search of Laurie. Along with Doctor Samuel and Jimmy, Laurie gave a brilliant fight to Micheal; she fired at his eyes with the gun given to her by Jimmy.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Economic - Essay Example In the next segment of the paper, the cause and benefits of Trans Pacific Partnership related to international trade agreements that has become the headline of The New York Times will also be examined. As per the reports of The Washington Post, the gasoline tax has been static at 18.4 cents per gallon since 1993, as no Federal government has taken initiatives to increase the tax rate in last 20 years. However, as the oil price dropped by 40% in June 2014, many states considered reviewing the rate of the long-static federal gasoline tax. However, such increment in gasoline tax rate involves certain pros and cons as well as economic consequences (Ferguson 153). As per the newspaper report, the most important benefit that the US economy will experience from increasing gasoline tax can be attributed as the potential environmental benefits which may arise from decline in use of crude oil and gasoline. The rationale is based on the connotation that, in case of a higher tax on gasoline and its sub products, the citizen would opt for alternatives such as public transportation instead of personal car that will definitely bring social benefits in real sense. Moreover, as the total revenue obtained from gasoline tax is utilized in the Federal Highway Trust Fund, the Congress is planning to contribute the additional money accumulated from the incremented tax rate for the purpose of reducing budget deficit. The US government is also of the opinion that as increment in the US gasoline tax will encourage the citizen for using alternative sources of energy; such initiative will reduce dependence of US government on the largest foreign suppliers of crude oil, OPEC which in turn will bring higher stability in the entire American economy. According to the notion of Ex President, Mr. George W. Bush, high level of dependency in turn jeopardizes the economic growth to a

FDI and Balance of Payment Relationship in Canada

FDI and Balance of Payment Relationship in Canada Chapter One Introduction History of FDI Foreign investment was very common in the late nineteenth century. It was a strategy from British to provide fund for economic development in other nation, as well as to gain ownership of financial assets. Godley 1999 mentioned in his research that the bulk of FDI that was based on British manufacturing industry before 1890 was in industrial goods sector. He also mentions that most investors failed as a result of narrow focus and their major concern his to enhance British market. Singer Manufacturing Company was an exception due to its commitment to FDI and being the first biggest and modern Multinational Corporation in the world (Moosa, 2002). During the era of interwar in the twentieth century, FDI declined and later rose but there was an astonished development in that period, British status was lost as a world creditor, and USA became the economic and financial power and FDI was favoured by USA tax law. After the world war, FDI increased as a result of two reasons: firstly, good technology in the area of communication and transportation that eliminate distance barrier. Secondly, the need of reconstruction of war damages by European countries and rest of the rich nation around the world. (Moosa, 2002). In the 1980s, there was a decline in FDI (outward). This was due to the fact that most host countries started resisting U.S control and ownership of domestic firms. Also, host countries recovered by initiating FDI in USA which affect US net inflow. In the 1970s, there was a big fall in the U.S FDI but British was back to FDI business as a result of North sea oil boom and the abolition of foreign exchange controls in 1979. In 1980s, changes in FDI occurred in which USA became a net debtor nation and major recipient of FDI with an unfavourable net international position. This was caused by depreciation of U.S dollar, restrictive trade policy and low saving rate in U.S economy. This disenabled the U.S in financing its own investment in its economy, giving rise to needs of FDI from other nations like Germany and Japan. Also, in the 1980s Japan became a major supplier of FDI to U.S.A, Europe and South East of Asia. Most countries embrace Japanese investors because of its provision of chea p labour. The revolution of FDI in the 80s can be attributed to globalization. (Moosa, 2002). In the 1990s, there was reasonable improvement in the investment climate which exposed most countries to the benefits of FDI. Some of the reasons that led to the improvement FDI of are: removal of FDI obstacles, changes in attitude and increases in FDI intensive. The removal of local hindrances through deregulation and privatization was favourable to FDI. Another remarkable thing that happened in the 1990s was the fall in the importance of Japan as a front runner of FDI. This caused economic doom in Japanese economy. Finally, FDI has gone through many reforms from countries to countries, in the late 90s, the number of treaties for the avoidance of double tax reached a total of 1871. In 1998 and 1999 some measures like protection, liberalization and promotion was brought in by the host nation (policies) on FDI. (Moosa, 2002). Globally, the economic development of deeper and more sophisticated internal and international financial market, improvements in information network and technological advancement have made contribution to sound financial and economic integration. For a nation to partake in any of the economic gains arising from these processes it need to adopt reform policies to improve efficiency. Most countries advocate FDI to encourage economic development because of its indirect impact in the host economy due to increase in competition, technical know-how and technological spill-over via multinational corporations to domestic firms. Gorg and Greenway (2002, stated in Morris 2008, p.4) that a possible channel is one in which domestic firms are thought to imitate the technology used by the companies. This will result to better ways of local firms of making their production. Competition is another positive effect of FDI. The entry of foreign companies compels the domestic ones to be more efficient in all ramifications. The latter gains better skill will from employee training through new improved technology requirement in the production process. (Morris 2008). FDI helps local firm to bypass government bureaucracy, legality and financial obstacles encountered in the host economy. International organisations always recommend that less developed countries rely mainly on FDI as a source of external finance. Hericourt Poncet (2008, p.1) confirm that the development of cross border relationship with foreign countries help private domestics firms to bypass both the financial and legal obstacles that they face at home At the same time, many may not be pleased with the policies that encourage FDI which might be unfavourable to host economy since foreigners will have share in domestic economic activity. According to Holden (2007), there was an argument that foreign-controlled investments may be bias and not act in the best interest of locals and nationals; that profit may be exported out of the country; and that foreign ownership could have national security implications in situation where industries or products are of strategic importance. These concern links to energy and natural resource sector. The concerns may lead to countries to place restriction on investment in sector that involves strategic importance. Canadian Chamber of Commerce had an annual general meeting in 2007. A resolution was passed Attracting FDI to Canada, among the issues discussed in the meeting was an advise for Canadian government to adopt policies that encourage foreign investor to Canada, even though some call for tighter restrictions for FDI due to its demerits (Morris, 2008). Canada was among the countries that provided a shield for his economy with the provision of 1985 Investment Canada Act. This Act states that any proposed foreign direct investment above a certain amount is subject to review and approval from the industry Minister. For the proposed investment to be approved, it must demonstrate that its proposed investment provide a net benefit to Canada, some of the things the industry Minister will consider are; employment, investment in Canada to compete in the world market, the compatibility of the investment with national industrial, economic and cultural policies and many others (Holden, 2007). Using Canada (a country that has benefited from FDI in all ramifications from the perspective of macro economics level down to the micro level, from one sector to another sector) as a case study. It is obvious that Canada has gained so much in FDI both in forward linkages and backward linkages. According to the Daily (May 6, 2008), the stock of FDI in Canada sky rocketed in the last eight years, and the sector that had the biggest share were the resource based industries. The Canadian Chamber of Commerce Annual General Meeting (2007) passed a resolution titled Attracting Foreign Direct Investment to Canada. The meeting called for the Canadian government to send a clear and positive message to foreign investors that Canada wants inbound investment through a proactive investment strategy and promotion champagne (Morris, 2008). Aim Most previous studies focused on the role of FDI on economic growth but their findings shows that FDI is not significant to economics growth. Carkovic and Levine (2002), prove that FDI does not independently influence on economic growth. However, economic growth and balance of payment (BOP) as a macro-economic objectives of any rational nation, in which there is sort of trade-off in both objectives.(this will be explain in the literature review section ).(pass et al. 1995). Countries calls for FDI coming between the two objectives as result nation rationale of protectionism ( quotas ,high import duties and embargo) to resolve balance of payment problem, and to achieve import substitution and export promotion agenda. Keynesian economic growth model, which is measured with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), have many component such as government expenditure, consumption level, investment, and export minus import (BOP current account). Changes in any of these components will have multiplier effect on the economic growth. (Moosa, 2002). FDI will have direct effect on host nations balance of payment which will indirectly impact the host country growth. The question being asked in this research is there any relationship between FDI and BOP? The aim of this dissertation is to determine the relationship between FDI and Balance of Payment in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. This aim will be achieve by building a model to explain the casual relationship between dependent variable and independent variables to figure out the relationship between FDI and BOP. Also, hypothesis will be formulated to test some of the objectives of the study. Robin says in Saunders (2007) that with deductive research its necessary to deduct a hypothesis. The study explores six possible issues: Objectives To determine the proportion of Canadian Capital account explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. To determine the proportion of Canadian Current account explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. To determine the proportion of Canadian Import explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. To determine the proportion of Canadian Export explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. To ascertain the relationship between Canadian FDI and Canadian BOP over the period of 1990 to 2008. To examine the major (countries) contributor to Canadian FDI over the period of 1990 to 2008. Significant of the study The significant of this study is to know the role of FDI in achieving one of the macro economic objective. This to ascertain if FDI will affect BOP in Canada positively or negatively. If the effect is positive, there will be needs of improving scope or magnitude for FDI in Canada for the future .However; if it is negative there may needs for government policies to restrict the inflow of FDI to Canada so as to achieve a favourable bop. The consecutive chapters will structure in the following ways: chapter two discusses the theoretical background information related to FDI, chapter three examines the academic literature relevant to the topic and also describes the methodology while chapter four presents the empirical analysis and discusses the econometrics result. The concluding chapter provides a conclusion of the research work. Chapter two Literature Review Theoretical Background (Moosa,2002) defines Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as the process whereby residence of a country (the source country) acquire ownership of asset for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country). It involves the transfer of financial capital, technology and other skills such as managerial, marketing, accountancy, and so on. International Monetary Funds Balance of Payment Manual defines FDI as an investment that is made to get a long lasting interest in a organisation operating in an economy difference the investor. (Canada Statistics, 2008) defines FDI as a component of a nations international investment position which explains a countrys investment position: the difference between aggregate financial assets and aggregate financial liabilities. Direct investment, portfolio investment and other investment are the component of financial asset and financial liabilities. (Frankel and Romer, 1999) describe FDI as one of the crucial catalysts for economic growth in a nation especially in less developed countries. This statement describes the significance of FDI to a nation. FDI can also be described as a company from one country making physical investment into building a factory in another country. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. (UNCTAD, 2002) defines FDI as investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprise operating outside the investors economy. In short, a business or firm that undertake FDI become a multinational national company (MNCs) because of it ability to own many subsidiaries in many foreign countries. Foreign Direct investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in any host economy in the aspect of economic prosperity and building wealth. It also leads to increase in capital flow and, highly skilled human power, and reduction in unemployment and importation of advanced equipment and technology to enhance output level. This has a direct impact on the nations gross domestic product by promoting economic development. Mutenyo (2008), said most less developed countries now adopt policies that encourage FDI. Among these po licies are privatization, trade and exchange rate liberalization, and, tax rebate and incentives for foreign investors to enjoy the business environment. FDI is different from other components (such as international financial assets, portfolios and so on) of international investment. International Monetary Fund (IMF 2003, p.6) define FDI as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another country (p.6). IMF further explained that a direct investment is established when a foreign investor has more than 10% ordinary share or voting right of a host country enterprise (IMF 2003, p6-7). In Canada, direct investment is measured as the total value of equity, net long-term claims and net short-term claims held by the enterprises border (Canada Statistics, 2008). FDI has been increasing globally over the last two decades. Especially in the 90s, FDI increased more than the world economic growth. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) data collection pertaining to FDI regulations in 1991, it shows that between January 1991 and December 2002, total of over 1600 measures were introduced by 165 countries; more that 90% of them was in favour of FDI in terms of changes; the nature of the introduced measures ranging from security for investors, to liberalization of rules governing the inflow of foreign investors, to measures that are promotional in nature(UNCTAD, 2003). The measures were extended to the international level through double taxation treaties (DTT) and bilateral investment treaties (BIT). Over the last four decades, FDI have gone through series of transformation in Canada. Gellaty 2006 (in Morris, 2008, p6) explained the reason for the emergence of the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA). Due to growing concern of FDI in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) was established to regulate and monitor FDI. The regulation governing FDI and FIRA was replaced with Investment Canada in 1985. The regulation was aimed at protecting and promoting FDI in Canada. There was also an implementation of Canada-U.S Free Agreement (CUFTA) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to promote FDI further in Canada. FDI appear to be a topic that covers both narrow and broader area. Feenstra (1999,quoted in Liebscher 2007, p.3) expresses FDI as the combination of both international trade in goods and international financial flows, and as a phenomenon more complex than either international trade or international financial flow. From micro-economics perspective, FDI raises the issues of location consideration and ownership. From the macro-economics angle, FDI considers the fear of unemployment and the loss of freedom. For Policy makers, FDI is an issue to balance the benefits of spillovers with growing concern of the public. The concern authorities will be rational in policies that will favour FDI and all concern parties. FDI is one of the key features of the modern globalized world. According to (Peter 2008), most industrialists believed that there is international links in the late medieval and early modern era. They were also of the opinion that multinational firms became crucial in numerous ind ustries in the late nineteenth century but the period since World War II and in particular, since 1985 have seen an explosion in FDI both in relative and absolute terms to the levels of trade and gross domestic product. However, economic theory provides an extensive economics literature which was developed to investigate the causes, nature and consequences of FDI. One of the reasons for the creation of FDI is as a result of cheap cost of production in the host economy. FDI occurs when the benefits of producing in a foreign market out weighs the cost of economic of scale from producing exclusively in the firms home plant (Neary 2008, p.13). This benefit can be explained by the concept of proximity –concentration trade-off. That is foreign firms take advantage of trade off in production in home countries which will expose them to high exportation cost and international trade barriers relative to proximity to customer and low transportation cost. There are some conflicting predictions about the effect of FDI on economic growth. Blomstrom and Kokako (1998, quoted in Mutenuyo 2008, p.3) explain that spillover occurs if the entrance of multinational enterprises (MNE) result to efficiency and produc tivity benefit to the domestic firms in the host country and MNE is not able to internalize the full value of these benefits. On the other hand, negative externalities exist if the activities of FDI result to loss in efficiency, productivity and profitability among the local firms and the alien investors do not compensate them for their loss. In a nutshell, FDI can be detrimental to an economy. MNE are assumed to compete favourably with the more advanced local firms since the local firms will have an edge over the foreign investors in local market share, skills, export contracts, cordial relationship with suppliers and the customer and so on. On the other hand, the foreign firms may be more advance in technological know-how, research and development, and the financial resources for their home economy.(Hericourt and Poncet ,2009) confirms that the development of cross-border relationships with foreign companies helps private firms to bypass both the financial and legal hindrance that they face at home. Types of FDI The types of FDI can be considered from dual angle: from the perspective of foreign investor country and from the perspective of host country. Since the study is focused on Canada, FDI will be examined in both ways. There are three types of FDI- vertical, horizontal and conglomerate- from the perspective of the source nation (investors). Vertical FDI: (Hill,1998) provides a clear illustration of vertical FDI by dividing into two: Forward vertical FDI and Backward vertical FDI. The former is applicable in a situation where a local firm invest into another industry abroad that sells the output product of the local firms production process, while the latter is used when the foreign sales of a firm provide inputs for the downstream operation of the local firms. Horizontal FDI: is applicable when the goods produced in the host country are the same as in the home country for horizontal expansion (Caves, 1971). (Hill,1998) defines it as firms invest in the same industry as the same operational activity in their homeland. Conglomerate FDI is the combination of horizontal and vertical FDI. That is, firm operating in separate business, (Luladhar 2008). FDI FROM THE ANGLE OF HOST ECONOMY Export-increasing FDI: is caused as a result of items produced in host country as an input for home country; such as raw material or intermediate goods. This type of FDI will enhance the exportation of the host nation if there is high demand for the raw material or intermediate goods from the home country. Import- substituting FDI: This type of FDI is applicable when the goods previously imported from the home country are now been produced from the host economy which will generate more employment .This is caused as a result of host government policy on trade barriers, market size, labour cost and so on. Government initiated FDI: This is when the policy makers provide some incentive that attracts foreign investors into the host economy. This incentive could be tax holiday, tax discount and so on. The Determinant of FDI (Motives) There are four motives that determine FDI. These determinants provide reason why firms should use FDI to tap in business globalization. These motives are acquired inputs (raw material orientation), market orientation, cost orientation, and strategic asset seeking motives orientation. Raw Material Orientation: According to Dunning (1993), availability of raw material is the bed rock of any firm, especially the manufacturing firms. Usually the cost of importing raw material from the source to where is needed is outrageous, even the duration cost of getting the raw material to host firm is another visible problem that affects the overall performance of production. Therefore, it is more economical for firms to produce in an environment that has easy access to raw material.s (Atik et al., 2008). Market Orientation: This is when firms produce goods in a host country instead of shipping it directly from the home country. This occurs when foreign market is protected by the government restriction goods importation or high importation duties. It will cost less to produce in the host economy market to avoid international restriction and unnecessary cost. Market orientation draws foreign supplier closer to the buyers in the host economy. (Atik et al., 2008). Cost- Orientation Motive: Cost minimization is one the firms strategy to optimize profit. Porter (1998, stated in Atik et al.2008, p 29) explains that among the generic strategies of a firm, cost leadership is the best strategy. In cost leadership strategy, a firm will prefer to become the lower cost producer in its industry. So firm prefer to site their location where they will enjoy the lower cost of factors of production. Good examples of this firm from developed nation prefer to locate their firms in less developed nation because of cheap labour and other cost of production. Asset Seeking FDI: Foreign firms prefer to have access to gain industrial asset in host country which will more profitable to have in there home country. The foreign firm will sustains or advance its international competitiveness, technological advancement, and opening up the new market though its asset accusation from the host nation (Atik et al., 2008). There fore, a firm that owes foreign asset is better positioned in global market competition compare to its counterpart. Theories of FDI Most literature reveals why investors prefer to produce abroad instead of staying in the home country. Dunning 2003 p.278) assert that the growth of existing foreign value activities in service might require a different set of explanations than to follow initial decision to invest abroad. There are some theories that explain FDI and MNEs in global business especially in goods sector. (Helldin ,2007) is of the opinion that FDI theory is fragmented and consists of various economic theories. There are no complete theories that explain FDI; it was just the bits by bits from numerous authors. Hymer was one of the first authors to explain the theory of FDI in 1960(mention in Na, Lv Ligthfoot, 2006). Hymer believes that the multinational national companies (MNCs) have the potential to expand the business due their oligopolistic nature. He said MNCs have firm specific advantages that create market power on global market due to their technical know-how, product differentiation, RD and so on. Dunnings Eclectic Paradigm (Professor John H. Dunnings 1977 OLI-framework also called Dunnings eclectic paradigm) Dunning 1977,Helldin 2007, p8), explains that the three factors that constitute to MNEs location in host country. These factors are Ownership Specific Advantage (O), Location-Specific Advantage (L) and Internalization Advantage (I). Ownership specific are business advantages such as capital, advance technology, well known brand names and product with dominant standard (p8). It further explained that the higher the level of business competitive advantage are compare to foreign competitors on a specific location the more the business will be involved in foreign production. Location will also be based on the countries competitive advantage, originated in the partners home countries (Helldin, 2007). Ekstrom (1998 stated in Helldin 2007) is of the opinion that the combination of O with L is why a specific location is chosen to make FDI. The third (internalization) advantage is meeting demands on global market by trading. (Dunning 1977, Helldin 2007, p8). Ownership Specific Advantage (O): MNEs enjoys business advantage in some area such as size, established position, and monopoly power. MNEs also have some specific advantage in some business area such as capital, advance technology, research and development, highly skilled human capital, trade marks, receipt of government grant and property right over intellectual property (Bennett, 1999). Location Hypothesis (L): This hypothesis explains the existence of FDI which is a result of international immobility of factors of production: labour, natural resources and weather. The immobility factors result to location-related differences in the cost of production. Horst (1972b, quote in Moosa, 2002, p.33) used this hypothesis to explain US FDI in Canada. Most MNEs prefer to locate their production facilities in an area where there is cheap labour. Lucas (1993) proves that there is inverse relationship between FDI and wages. He explained that a rise in wages in the host economy will increase the cost of production and have adverse effect on production and FDI. This will shift the host economy from labour incentive to capital incentive and will also encourage FDI Lucas (1993). The advantages of location specific (L) include low transport cost, low purchase input, economics of large scale, good communication, low labour cost, near to market advantage, availability of local business support ( market research firm) and the avoidance of trade restriction (artificial barriers) impose by host nation to reduced import (Bennett, 1999). Internalization Hypothesis Internalization hypothesis explains that FDI arises due to the impact of MNEs. MNEs is established to replace market (external) transaction with internal transaction. Coase (1973, says in Moosa, 2002) is of the opinion that market cost can be saved by forming a firm (p, 32). He gave an example of bottleneck encountered in purchasing oil product while compelling a firm to buy a refinery. These problems are caused by market failure and imperfection in intermediate goods, including technical know how, marketing and management enterprises (Moosa, 2002). MNEs invest in host countries in order to boycott expensive suppliers and distributors. Foreign government import restrictions will be avoided through local subsidy rather than exporting direct. Also the marketing aspect will be managed and controlled by the producing firm; there will be no intermediate sales or Value Added tax (Bennett, 1999). According to Dunning (2003), internalization incentive advantages are to protect or exploit mar ket failure (p.99). The Product Cycle Theory The theory was invented by Vernon in 1966. This theory explains the competitive advantage possessed by MNEs or potential MNEs originated in a country instead of another. The competitive advantage move from a stage of local production in home market, to exportation, and then to FDI (Dunning 2003). His theory was a based on U.S. directs investment in import substitution producing activities standards and economics structure. Also the ownership advantages of firms that produces or supplies a product had a little say about the advantages of common governance (Dunning, 2003). The theory is more useful in analysis of MNEs in FDI activities such as capital exportation, services activities, inward outward investment and so on. Core –Asset Theory Core Asset Theory was propounded by Hymer in 1976. Dunning said the theory explains the territorial expansion of a firm in terms of its exclusive or privileged possession of intangible assets, which it perceived could be utilized in a foreign country Dunning (2003, p.279). Several writers have to identify which O specific right were the most significant in determining the ability of MNEs to compete in foreign market. The theory examines the role of Foreign Service firms in market seeking sector, which is different from Product Cycle Theory focus on resources based industries or manufacturing sector. Also the theory was less concerned with where firms or MNES are located. According to Dunning (2003), the theory underestimates the important of the organizational mechanism by which the competitive advantage (Product Cycle Theory) is exploited (Dunning, 2003). The theory is limited to FDI or MNEs in technological advancement ,RD, position, product quality and so on, but it just examines the growth in foreign firms in global oriented and integrated service industries (Dunning ,2003). Strategy Related the Theories Knickerbocker, in 1973, was the first person to examine the strategy of MNEs. His analysis was that MNEs activities will be a function of high seller concentration. Dunning (2003) stated that Knickerbocker hypothesized that MNE activity would tend to be concentrated in industries characterized by high seller concentration, and that firms in those industries will engage in follow my leader tactics in the timing of their foreign investments, to protect or advanced their global competitive position (Dunning, 2003, p.280). Most studies on MNEs, the area of extraction, manufacturing and the likes was in support of this theory but the theory was less relevant in foreign firms activities in service industries because of its less oligopolistic nature (Dunning, 2003). However, these theory was fragile in MNEs with high level of diversification since one of the main aims of MNEs is expansion and diversify in area like service sector which may be outside their main activities which will create problem for the theory. The Risk Diversification Hypothesis The theoretical background of this hypothesis can be traced back to the theory of portfolio selection by Markowitz (1959) and Tobin (1958). The risk diversification hypothesis was propounded by Grubelin in 1968, but the idea was revisited and made known by Rugman in 1979. The hypothesis was that MNEs reduces the portfolio risk by diversification, which is investment in foreign assets that usually consist of service industries like banking, insurance, communication and so on. Most construction firm may want to make their working capital active by buying financial assets (Dunning, 2003). This kind of investment is not capital intensive. The Aliber Thesis Alibers (1970 1971, quoted in Dunning, 2003, p.280) seek to determine why firms pay their foreign assets in local currencies when they produce abroad. The theory explains that foreign firms take advantage of the home stronger currency to acquire ownership of assets in host economy due to their weak currency. Albert also argues that fluctuation in foreign exchange market that result to undervaluation or overvaluat

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Free Essays on The Impact Of Jewish Immigration

The Contrast of French and Spanish Missionaries â€Å"Ethical religion can be real only to those who are engaged in ceaseless efforts at moral improvement. By moving upward we acquire faith in an upward movement, without limit." (Felix Adler (1851-1933), American educator) Since the beginning of colonial expansion, the missionaries believed in the divine right to evangelize the natives in the new world. By converting the natives the missionaries believed that they will reach eternal salvation. However, the missionaries’ methods were split into two different prospective. The Spaniards believed in the concept of control by force and the French believed in conversion through negotiation and sincerer affection. The relationships shared between these missionaries and the Native Americans were an essential part of successful evangelization. During the Spanish colonization and expansionism the monarch funded the churches to sear out possible evangelization and development of ecclesiastical establishments in the new world. The monarchs believed that the conversion to the Christian creed in the new world would be the stepping stone to establishing unionized Christianity, in the Spaniards case it was the preservation of Catholic creed. One of the areas which the Spanish missionaries hoped to find opportunity of evangelization was in New Mexico. There they found the villages of Pueblo Indians. According to Winthrop S. Hudson, the Franciscans portrayed them selves as a superior and wonder-works in order to get the respect as authorities from the Indians by staging dramatic plays in which the Indian greets the priest by kissing his feet. By acquiring authority over them it made the processes of creating a strict flame work of Christian moral behavior easier to force onto the Pueblos. They believed that through monitoring and accommodations of their behavior it will reach their soul. These modifications were made especially in sexual behaviors... Free Essays on The Impact Of Jewish Immigration Free Essays on The Impact Of Jewish Immigration The Contrast of French and Spanish Missionaries â€Å"Ethical religion can be real only to those who are engaged in ceaseless efforts at moral improvement. By moving upward we acquire faith in an upward movement, without limit." (Felix Adler (1851-1933), American educator) Since the beginning of colonial expansion, the missionaries believed in the divine right to evangelize the natives in the new world. By converting the natives the missionaries believed that they will reach eternal salvation. However, the missionaries’ methods were split into two different prospective. The Spaniards believed in the concept of control by force and the French believed in conversion through negotiation and sincerer affection. The relationships shared between these missionaries and the Native Americans were an essential part of successful evangelization. During the Spanish colonization and expansionism the monarch funded the churches to sear out possible evangelization and development of ecclesiastical establishments in the new world. The monarchs believed that the conversion to the Christian creed in the new world would be the stepping stone to establishing unionized Christianity, in the Spaniards case it was the preservation of Catholic creed. One of the areas which the Spanish missionaries hoped to find opportunity of evangelization was in New Mexico. There they found the villages of Pueblo Indians. According to Winthrop S. Hudson, the Franciscans portrayed them selves as a superior and wonder-works in order to get the respect as authorities from the Indians by staging dramatic plays in which the Indian greets the priest by kissing his feet. By acquiring authority over them it made the processes of creating a strict flame work of Christian moral behavior easier to force onto the Pueblos. They believed that through monitoring and accommodations of their behavior it will reach their soul. These modifications were made especially in sexual behaviors...